Review questions : Solutions of Questions on Page Number : 20
Q1 : What is behaviour? Give examples of overt and covert behaviour.
Answer : Behaviour is a response or a reaction of an individual or an activity in which the individual is engaged in. It is the result of a stimulus in the environment or an internal change. Behaviours may be simple or complex and overt or covert.
Examples of overt behaviour
(i) Blinking of eyes when a stone is hurled at a person
(ii) Withdrawing the hand immediately after touching a hot pan
Examples of covert behaviour
(i) The twitching of hand muscles while playing a game of chess.
(ii) Pounding of heart during an interview.
Q2 : How can you distinguish scientific psychology from the popular notions about the discipline of psychology?
Answer : Scientific psychology can be distinguished from the popular notions about the discipline of psychology on the basis of the following characteristics:
| Scientific psychology | Popular notion about psychology | ||
| 1 | It is based on scientific study of psychological phenomenon. | 1 | It uses common-sense knowledge to understand behaviour. |
| 2 | It explains the psychological phenomenon systematically on the basis of empirical data. | 2 | It explains the phenomenon on the basis of experiences, sayings or beliefs. |
| 3 | It studies the patterns of behaviour that can be predicted before they occur. | 3 | It explains events in hindsight after they occur. |
Q3 : Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology.
Answer : The evolution of psychology was an outcome of ancient philosophy. It later varied with the development of different approaches of psychological study. The formal beginning of modern psychology took place in 1879 with the establishment of an experimental laboratory in Leipzig by Wilhelm Wundt.
The initial approach to study psychology was based on introspection or structuralism in which the individuals were asked to describe their experiences.
It was followed by functionalism that studied the working of the mind and the impact of behaviour upon people’s interaction with their environment.
Gestalt psychology emerged as a reaction to structuralism in the early 20th century and focused on the organisation of the perceptual experiences.
Another reaction was the development of behaviourism that studied behaviour or responses in a measurable and objective form.
This was followed by psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud that viewed human behaviour as a dynamic manifestation of unconscious desires, conflicts and their gratification.
In contrast, the humanistic perspective emphasised the free will of human beings and their natural striving to grow and unfold their inner potential.
Further, Cognitive perspective was a combination ofGestalt approach and structuralismand focused on how an individual perceived the world.
Later, Constructivism viewed human beings as activelyconstructing their minds through the exploration of physical and the social world.
It was followed by Vygotsky’s view that human mind develops through social and cultural processes in which the mind is perceived as culturally constructed by joint interaction between children and adults.
Therefore, the evolution of psychology passed through various stages and levels. Starting from the roots of philosophy, it took a new direction and included numerous theories of structuralism, functionalism, behaviourism, constructivism, etc. However, in contemporary era the discipline of psychology has grown into a scientific discipline, which deals with various processes underlying human experiences and behaviours.
Q4 : What are the problems for which collaboration of psychologists with other disciplines can be fruitful? Take any two problems to explain.
Answer :
(i) The problems for which collaboration of psychologists with other disciplines can be fruitful are as follows:
(ii) While dealing with a criminal case, it is important for a lawyer or a criminologist to understand the psychology of a witness or the criminal. It is also necessary to decide the degree of punishment valid for a crime. Thus, it is important for a lawyer or a criminologist to have the knowledge of psychology in order to regulate the legal system of a country.
(iii) It is important for an architect or an engineer to satisfy his/her customers by providing with mental and physical space in a building. Further, an engineer should also consider the human habits while construction. Thus, they need to have a psychological knowledge in order to understand the needs and demands of their customers.
Q5 : Differentiate between (a) a psychologist and a psychiatrist (b) a counsellor and a clinical psychologist.
Answer :
(a). The difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist are mentioned below:
| Psychologist | Psychiatrist | ||
| 1 | A psychologist deals with the psychological phenomenon. | i | A psychiatrist deals with serious mental problems. |
| 2 | His/her main work is research in psychology and formulation of psychological conclusions that are derived on the basis of data. | ii | A psychiatrist studies the causes, treatment and prevention of psychological disorders. |
| 3 | A psychologist does not hold a medical degree and is mainly into academic and research fields. | iii | A psychiatrist holds a medical degree and he/she can use medical treatment to cure the patients. |
(b). The difference between a counsellor and clinical psychologist are mentioned below:
| Counsellor | Clinical Psychologist | ||
| 1 | A counsellor deals with the causes, treatment and prevention of different types of psychological disorders, which are related to motivational and emotional problems. | i | A clinical psychologist provides therapy for behavioural problems, which are related to mental disorders. |
| 2 | Counsellors help people in vocational rehabilitation programmes, making professional choices and adjusting to new situations in life. | ii | Clinical psychologists conduct interviews and administer psychological tests to diagnose various problems. |
| 3 | A counsellor deals with different types of psychological disorders in everyday life of the patient. | iii | A clinical psychologist deals with specific and complicated psychological disorders. |
Q6 : Describe some of the areas of everyday life where understanding of psychology can be put to practice.
Answer : Some of the areas of everyday life where understanding of psychology can be put into practice are as follows:
Psychology helps to understand various personal problems like family, marriage and work sphere. It also helps to deal with larger problems related to community and society.
Psychology enables an individual to understand oneself in a balanced and positive way without being reactionary, in order to deal with everyday challenges and meet with personal expectations.
Understanding of psychology further helps in analysing the various social, economic and political problems that affect an individual’s life and their solution at individual and collective level.
Psychology helps in understanding the cause of violence and need for cooperation that makes people wise, which improves the societal relationships by avoiding conflict, frustration and aggression.
Psychological analysis also enables in decision-making for various spheres and cultivating healthy lifestyles.
Therefore, the understanding of psychology enables a person to build stronger relationships at community level and improves the strength at individual level in order to meet daily challenges and obstacles.
Q7 : How can knowledge of the field of environmental psychology be used to promote environment-friendly behaviour?
Answer : The knowledge of environmental psychology is helpful to promote environment friendly behaviour because:
It studies the interaction of physical factors such as temperature, humidity, pollution and natural disaster on human behaviour.
It analyses the influence of physical arrangements at work place on the health, emotional state and interpersonal relations of the individual.
Issues like disposal of waste, population explosion, conservation of energy etc. are related with behaviour of human beings as well as its consequence.
Thus, an understanding of human behaviour in relation to environment generates awareness and inculcates safe environmental practices.
Q8 : In terms of helping solve an important social problem such as crime, which branch of psychology do you think is most suitable? Identify the field and discuss the concerns of the psychologists working in this field.
Answer : The branch of social psychology is most suitable for the purpose of solving social problems like crime.
It explores the thought process of people and their influence upon others and evaluates the impact of social environment upon the actions of an individual.
Social psychologists are concerned with topics like attitudes, conformity and obedience to authority, interpersonal attraction, helpful behaviour, prejudice, aggression, social motivation and inter-group relations.